正大光明Zhengda Guangming

概况

正大光明殿是雍正帝即位（1723）后在园南所建的听政正殿，“構殿于園之南御以聴政”（S05 j80:2b）；马龙（Malone）定为1725年（S02）。自影壁北行，辇道两侧为前湖，经五间大宫门（门前东西朝房各五间，门后为各部院直房，E2101），再过月牙形河上的三座石桥，至五间二宫门出入贤良门，武职侍卫在此引见、较射，西南为茶膳房，东南为军机处（S05 j80:9a-b；E1000）。门内为七间正大光明殿，东西配殿各五间，后为寿山殿，东为洞明堂。此殿用于朝会、正月筵宴、考试和庆贺，直到咸丰年间（E1182；E1023；E1557）。1860年10月6日至8日英法联军进园抢掠（S02 pp.179-183）；10月18日至19日英军奉额尔金之命焚园，英军驻扎于此殿，19日下午约三时最后将其焚毁（E1028；E1007）。

1744年四十景图及御制诗序

《圆明园四十景图》第一幅（P0001）。乾隆帝诗序称此殿为园中正衙，“不雕不繪得松軒茅殿意”，殿后峭石壁立如玉笋，前庭虚敞，墙外花木红紫层叠（S40；E0995）。诗中以畅春园为规范，倡导节俭，并注明出入贤良门匾额为其父雍正帝所书。

1860年以前的变化

The plain hall of 1744 was dressed up later: a terrace 月台 with four censers was added between 1775 and 1793 (S119, params.json), and by the end of Qianlong's reign, Malone writes, the columns were red, with dragon capitals and gilt wire over the frieze (S02 pp.75-76, E1009), though Barrow saw no capitals in 1793 (E1026). Macartney's gifts were set up in the hall in 1793 (S02 p.76, E1008; Barrow E1026) and the Dutch embassy was received here in 1795 (E1007). Jiaqing let Han officials of the first two ranks into the Mongol princes' New Year banquet from 1802 (S202 j15, E1182) and moved the re-examination of successful clansmen here from 1814 (E1022); Daoguang moved the palace re-examination of new graduates here from 1844 (E1023). In 1801 the 南书房 Nan Shufang, the Southern Study, got a four-bay room near the Council office (S202 j4, E2124). By 1860 a large painting of the gardens hung on the left (west) wall as one entered, where S05 records a 豳风图 Binfeng tu (S05 j80:10b; E1030, E1031).

Only one Yangshi Lei sheet of the hall was found open: 样001-4 正大光明白差准底 (NLC, undated, 520x210 mm). Its figures, read in the mhymy transcription, give the bays: central 1丈6尺1寸5, next two 1丈5尺1寸, four end bays 1丈3尺5寸, verandas 6尺, 金柱 depth 3丈8尺, so seven bays of about 32.1 m plus verandas, about 36 x 16 m overall (1 尺 = 0.32 m); the rear veranda walled in, verandas on three sides, ten door-screen sets front and back, a throne canopy 7尺4寸 x 1丈2尺 at the back of the central bay (S310 rec. 10451; E1016). The record says the verandas on three sides agree with the 1744 leaf (P0001). The 初编 holds pp.13-31 on 正大光明 (E1015), not seen.

室内

S05 j80:10b: Yongzheng's couplet '心天之心而宵衣旰食 樂民之樂以和性怡情', Qianlong's couplet '遹求寜觀成無逺弗届 以對時育物有那其居', the 無逸 Wuyi chapter on the east wall and a 豳风图 on the west. Barrow (1793) measured the room 110 x 42 ft and 20 ft high, with a ceiling painted in circles, squares and polygons, a grey marble floor, two rows of columns, red pillars at the throne recess and a throne of wood like mahogany (E1026); Macartney saw windows on one side only and the throne opposite (E1008). In 1860 the witnesses describe a polished marble floor, a carved throne on a low dais with three flights of steps (Swinhoe found it lesser wood painted as ebony), books in yellow silk, enamel bowls and French clocks, and a great painting of the gardens on the left wall, or at one end in M'Ghee (Swinhoe pp.294-295, E2105, E1030; Wolseley pp.234-235, E1031, E1032; M'Ghee p.204, E1029; Varin pp.232-233, E2122). Hérisson's carved ironwood columns and yellow tiles stand alone and are not trusted (E1027).

园林环境

Behind the hall rose 寿山 Shou Shan, a steep rock hill (屋後峭石壁立玉筍嶙峋, S40 in S05 j80:11a, E0995), with pines and a rockery (S02, E1009); behind that a pond crossed by a pebbled path and bridge on the way to the island of 九洲清晏 (Swinhoe pp.296-298, E1037; Wolseley pp.235-236, E1038). The court of the 大宫门 had guard-houses on three sides, carved and roofed with coloured tiles, with small beasts on the eaves in red, white, green, blue and gilt (Wolseley pp.231-232, E2109); the hall stood at the far side of a long flagged court, with a wire net under its eaves against birds (Wolseley pp.232-233, E1033; Swinhoe, E2105). A pair of large bronze lions stood on pedestals on either side of the road to the gate (Wolseley, E2123; Varin, who gives white marble pedestals, E2122). The road from the spirit wall ran between the two halves of the Front Lake to the gate (S05 j80:7b, E0999; E2114).

现存

正大光明殿遗址今为草地，残存成行石块，殿后寿山假山尚存（P0363）；前湖保留低矮石岸（P0396）。勘探报告称自大宫门至正大光明殿为三进院落，南北长370米（S102，E1017）。2012年以来的发掘中，大宫门遗址发现门殿、东西配门、金水桥及河道，计划保护展示（E0363，S132，E2120）。