九洲清晏Jiuzhou Qingyan

概况

九洲清晏是后湖周围九岛中最大的一座，自雍正至咸丰为皇帝寝居之所（S05 j80:20b-23b；E1129；E1153）。中轴自前湖向北依次为圆明园殿（五间，悬康熙御书“圆明园”匾）、奉三无私殿（七间）和九洲清晏殿（《日下旧闻考》记为七楹，样式雷档案记为五间接后抱厦三间，S310），东为天地一家春，西为乐安和，再西为清晖阁（S05 j80:20b-25b）。道光十一年（1831）建慎德堂（E1130）。道光十六年（1836）失火，三殿被焚，道光帝命照旧制重修，不到一年完工（E1134）。1860年10月6日至8日英法联军进园抢掠；马龙（Malone）引樊国梁（Favier）称，皇帝寝宫在抢掠期间已经起火（E1151）。10月18日至19日，英军奉额尔金之命焚烧圆明园（E0485）。同治十二年（1873）重修时，岛上多座殿宇改名（E1135，Q36）。

1744年四十景图及御制诗序

《圆明园四十景图》第三幅（P0003）。乾隆帝诗序开头说：“正大光明直北為㡬餘游息之所棼橑紛接鱗瓦參差前臨巨湖”，又以邹衍九州环以大瀛海之说比喻湖中诸岛（S40；E1091）。诗中追念父皇在此“左图右书”、勤于政务，并以“六膳八珍”对照沟壑中的饥民以自警。序与诗重在训诫，不记布局。

1860年以前的变化

The 日下旧闻考 Rixia Jiuwen Kao (S05 j80, compiled after 1774) adds what the album lacks: by 1765 the tall pines before 清晖阁 had burned and Qianlong set small buildings round its court, a two-storey 松云楼 Songyun Lou on the high ground of the stone wall, 露香斋 Luxiang Zhai by a rockery, 涵德书屋 Hande Shuwu and the book room 茹古堂 Rugu Tang (j80:24a-25a, E1094). In 1774 Qianlong named the sleeping hall 乐安和; his note says the room he had lived in before was called 随安堂 Sui'an Tang (j80:25a-b, E1099). Jiaqing wrote on 九洲清晏, 奉三无私 and the small studios (E1106-E1114); Daoguang built 慎德堂 in 1831 (E1130) and, after the fire of 1836, rebuilt the three axis halls by 1837 (E1134). The theatre at 同道堂 dates to 1855 at the latest (S43). The plan S01 shows the island after Tongzhi's renaming of 1873 and carries a pasted slip for a later rearrangement (E1135, E1152, Q36); the Yangshi Lei drawings E1156-E1171 record the 慎德堂 interiors and the 九洲清晏 axis at several dates.

Yangshi Lei sheets give three states of the island. Before the fire of 1836: 样004-5 九洲清晏旧样 and 样005-4 慎德堂 fit-out (E1171, E1156). After it: 样005-34 of 1837, an unapproved first round, and 样010-3, the approved rebuilding, which gave the west side of the 九洲清晏 hall the 同道堂 annex instead of a mirror of the east (E1169). Xianfeng: 样007-9-1 of 1855.3 for 圆明园殿 (E1163), 样005-13 and 样005-27-1 of 1855.9, for a three-bay rear porch added to the 九洲清晏 hall that year (E1162), 样004-2-1 for the hall and 同道堂 (E1170), and 样011-3 九洲清晏全样 of 1855.10-12, the latest whole-scene plan found before 1860 (E1161); and the 慎德堂 interior sheets of 1851, 1856 and 1859, one of the 1859 sheets dated only by the site (E1160, E1174, E1164, E1165). The 1874 plan 故1299 (E1166) is Tongzhi's design: same three axes and most old names, but a jade-disc pond with a double-eaved square pavilion between 奉三无私 and 天地一家春, a seven-bay hall north of it, 慎德堂 as five bays under four roofs, 思顺堂 in the west court (S310 rec. 11901). The 1873-74 three-garden plan 样1203 renames 基福堂 to 同顺堂 and 天地一家春 to 承恩堂 (E0532; S310 rec. 7217); the decree of 1873, as quoted in S220, has 思顺堂 for 基福堂 (E1135). S01's labels here (七间殿, 福寿仁恩, ?顺堂, 承恩堂, 同顺堂) are those of the Tongzhi design, which supports Q36.

室内

Plaques and couplets by hall (S05 j80:21a-23a): 圆明园殿 has Kangxi's 圆明园 plaque, a couplet Yongzheng wrote as a prince ('每對青山緑水㑹心處…') and one by Qianlong; 奉三无私殿 holds Qianlong's copies of the moral instructions of Kangxi and Yongzheng, the plaque 清虚静泰 and a couplet at the throne; 九洲清晏殿 carries Yongzheng's plaque in front and 蔚然深秀 at the back. On the north wall of 清晖阁 hung the painted map of the whole garden of 1737 by Castiglione, 唐岱 Tang Dai, 孙祐 Sun You, 沈源 Shen Yuan, 张万邦 Zhang Wanbang and 丁观鹏 Ding Guanpeng, inscribed 大观 (j80:23a; S02 p.62). In 1860 Swinhoe found, in what he took for the emperor's own rooms, a moderate room with a double-seated throne, chandelier and clocks, two small rooms and a spiral stair to two upper rooms of books whose windows looked down into the hall (E1037); M'Ghee a court about 50 ft square flagged in marble and the only spiral stair, on the left, in the ladies' rooms (E1150). Hérisson's side rooms full of gold, beside the throne hall, are not trusted (S246 pp.315-317, E2441).

园林环境

The island faces the Front Lake on the south and the Back Lake on the north (S05 j80:20b, 23b; E1153). Malone found little rockwork and almost no artificial hills on it (E1153). In the west court a long stone wall stood opposite 清晖阁, with tall pines in front that had burned by 1765 and others still standing outside the wall; 露香斋 sat by a rockery with real trees (S05 j80:24a-b). M'Ghee describes the apartments' front on 'another sheet of water' with large planted rockeries (E1150); Wolseley and Swinhoe reached them by a pebbled path round half a pond from behind the audience hall (E1037, E1038). Bridges: 如意桥 Ruyi Qiao on the south-east and 南大桥 Nan Da Qiao on the south-west, 棕亭桥 Zongting Qiao at the north-west corner (S313; S41).

现存

岛形尚存，位于前湖与后湖之间。考古勘探报告（仅见开头）称该景区东西约220米、南北约120米，占地约25000平方米，建筑面积约8600平方米，殿宇、游廊共656间（S151）；《紫禁城》2011年一文称全岛东西约234米、南北约116米，约21600平方米（S313）。登载报告的网页称，同治重修的基址在1900年被旗兵和土匪破坏（S151）；1900年的破坏者为谁仍有争议（Q28）。目前未见载有单体殿宇尺寸的发掘报告。